
Blue toruses = 16 protons
Red toruses = 8 nuclear electrons
Atomic number of O16 = protons (16) - nuclear electrons (8) = 8 with structure 8D in a line.
Click on image for Oxygen 16 larger image
Photon model of light
J.Lucas, O16 nucleus model

| O12 | O13 | O14 | O15 | O16 | O17 | O18 | O19 |
| H | He | Li | Be | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | Na | Mg | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar |
| K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr |
| Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe |
| Cs | Ba | Pr | Nd | Sm | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Yb | Ta | W | Os | Ir | Au | Hg | Pb |
The Oxygen 16 isotope has a highly symmetric stable nucleus, saturated with binding electrons, natural abundance 99.762 %. A principal product of stellar evolution.