Blue toruses = 16 protons
Red toruses = 8 nuclear electrons
Atomic number of O16 = protons (16) - nuclear electrons (8) = (8), with structure 8D in a line.
Click on image for Oxygen 16 larger image
Photon model of light
J.Lucas, O16 nucleus model
O12 | O13 | O14 | O15 | O16 | O17 | O18 | O19 |
H | He | Li | Be | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | Na | Mg | Si | S | Ar | Ca |
Fe | Ni | Zn | Ga | Ge | Se | Kr | Rb | Sr | Y | Nb | Mo | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag |
In | Sb | I | Ba | Ce | Nd | Sm | Tb | Yb | Ta | W | Os | Ir | Au | Hg | Pb |
The oxygen 16 isotope has a highly symmetric stable nucleus, saturated with binding electrons, natural abundance 99.762 %. A principal product of stellar evolution.