Structure of atomic nuclei

János Rohán

Nuclear structure of atoms and relation with spin.

There are no neutrons inside atomic nuclei. The so-called neutron in each case of a proton and one nuclear electron pair.

A nucleus are built up by proton-electron-proton hamburgers arranged in pairs (= alpha particles) with 2, 6, 8, 12, 16 and 24 symmetry.

Extra "neutrons" joins to elements of pre-arranged rings, forming double "BigMac" hamburgers

Protons incorporated into nucleus (proton toruses) be located inside an electron torus which has cca. 3 times higher diameter. Electrons inside nuclei glued the proton excess, the nuclear electrons holds together of proton pairs. Since all protons has more or less (nuclear)electron coating so the outer surface of nuclei are negatively charged. This outer negative charge prevent to fall of shell electrons into nucleus and nuclei without this outer negative charge would not be able to form stable atoms.

Meaning of colors: 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1

Atomic
numb. Neutron
number Chem.
symbol m % isotope Occurr.
ppm pep hamburger + (neutron surplus) Stable
nuclei Izomer
nuclei Refs
1 0n H 1 99.985 750 000 1 = p 1 , 2 n, p
2 2n He 4 99.99986 240 000 2 = 2 3 , 4
3 4n Li 7 92.4 0.006 3 = 1+2 (+ 1n) 6 , 7
4 5n Be 9 100 0.001 4 = 1+3 (+ 1n) 9 , 10
5 6n B 11 80.1 0.001 5 = 1+4 (+ 1n) 10 , 11
6 6n C 12 98.9 4600 6 = 3+3 12 , 13
7 7n N 14 99.634 970 7 = 4+3 14 , 15 14, 15
8 8n O 16 99.762 10700 8 = 4+4 16 , 17 , 18
9 10n F 19 100 0.4 9 = 1+8 (+ 1n) 19 19, 20
10 10n Ne 20 90.48 1340 10 = 5+5 (+ 0n) 20, 21 , 22 19, 20, 21
11 12n Na 23 100 22 11 = 1+4 + 6 (+ 1n) 23 24
12 12n Mg 24 78.99 580 12 = 3+3 + 6 24, 25, 26
13 14n Al 27 100 55 13 = 1+6 + 6 (+ 1n) 27 24 Al42
14 14n Si 28 92.23 650 14 = 4+4 + 6 28, 29, 30
15 16n P 31 100 7 15 = 1+8 + 6 (+ 1n) 31
16 16n S 32 95.02 440 16 = 5+5 + 6 (+ 0n) 32, 34, 33, 36 43 S43
17 18n Cl 35 75.77 1 17 = 1+10 + 6 (+ 1n) 35, 37 34, 35, 38
18 22n Ar 40 99.6 220 18 = 4+8 + 6 (+ 4n) 36, 38, 40 38
19 20n K 39 93.26 3 19 = 1+12 + 6 (+ 1n) 39, 41 39, 40, 41
20 20n Ca 40 96.941 67 20 = 4+4 + 6x2 40, 42, 43, 44 40, 42
21 24n Sc 45 100 0.03 21 = 3+12 + 6 (+ 3n) 45 43, 44, 45, 46, 50
22 26n Ti 48 73.8 3 22 = 4+12 + 6 (+ 4n) 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 43, 47
23 28n V 51 99.75 0.7 23 = 5+12 + 6 (+ 5n) 50, 51 46
24 28n Cr 52 83.789 14 24 = 4+14 + 6 (+ 4n) 50, 52, 53, 54 49
25 30n Mn 55 100 8 25 = 5+6 + 6 + 8 (+ 5n) 55 52, 58, 60
26 30n Fe 56 91.72 1090 26 = 4+8 + 6 + 8 (+ 4n) 54, 56, 57, 58 53, 56
27 32n Co 59 100 3 27 = 5+8 + 6 + 8 (+ 5n) 59 58, 60, 62
28 30n Ni 58 68.077 60 28 = 2+12 + 6 + 8 (+ 2n) 58, 60, 61, 62, 64 65
29 34n Cu 63 69.17 0.06 29 = 5+10 + 6 + 8 (+ 5n) 63, 65 68, 70
30 34n Zn 64 48.63 0.3 30 = 4+8 + 6+6+6 (+ 4n) 64, 66, 67, 68, 70 61, 69, 71, 73, 77
31 38n Ga 69 60.1 0.01 31 = 1+4 + 6 + 8 + 12 (+ 7n) 69, 71 72, 74
32 42n Ge 74 35.94 0.2 32 = 2+10 + 6+6 + 8 (+ 10n) 70, 72, 73, 74,76 69, 73, 75, 77, 79
33 42n As 75 100 0.008 33 = 1+6 + 6 + 8 + 12 (+ 9n) 75 79
34 46n Se 80 49.61 0.03 34 = 4+4 + 6 + 8 + 12 (+ 12n) 74, 76, 77, 78, 80 73, 77, 79, 81
35 44n Br 79 50.69 0.007 35 = 1+8 + 6 + 8 + 12 (+ 9n) 79, 81 76, 77, 79, 80, 82
36 48n Kr 84 57.00 0.04 36 = 5+5 + 6 + 8 + 12 (+ 12n) 80, 82, 83, 84, 86 73, 79, 81, 83, 85
37 48n Rb 85 72.168 0.01 37 = 3+8 + 6 + 8 + 12 (+ 11n) 85, 87 78,81,82,84,85,86
38 50n Sr 88 82.58 0.04 38 = 6+6 + 6 + 8 + 12 (+ 12n) 84, 86, 87, 88 83, 85, 87
39 50n Y 89 100 0.007 39 = 3+10 + 6 + 8 + 12 (+ 11n) 89 80, 83, 85, sok
40 50n Zr 90 51.45 0.05 40 = 2+12 + 6 + 8 + 12 (+ 10n) 90, 91, 92, 94, 96 85, 87, 89, 90, 91
41 52n Nb 93 100 0.002 41 = 3+12 + 6 + 8 + 12 (+ 11n) 93 90, 91, 93, sok
42 56n Mo 98 24.13 0.005 42 = 6+6 + 6 + 8+8+8 (+ 14n) 92, 94, 95, 97, sok 89, 91, 93
43 55n Tc 98 0 43 = 2+3 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 (+ 12n) 0 86, 91, 93, sok
44 58n Ru 102 31.6 0.004 44 = 3+3 + 6 + 8 + 12x2 (+ 14n) 100, 101, 104, sok 91, 93, 103
45 58n Rh 103 100 0.0006 45 = 1+12 + 6+6 + 8 + 12 (+ 13n) 103 95, 96, 97, sok
46 60n Pd 106 27.33 0.002 46 = 4+4 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 (+ 14n) 104, 105, 106, sok 93, 95, 107, sok
47 60n Ag 107 51.839 0.0006 47 = 1+8 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 (+ 13n) 107m, 109 99, 100, 101, sok
48 66n Cd 114 28.73 0.002 48 = 5+5 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 (+ 18n) 111, 112, 113, sok 111, 113, 123
49 66n In 115 95.7 0.0003 49 = 1+6 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16 (+ 17n) 113, 115 103, 104, 105, sok
50 70n Sn 120 32.58 0.004 50 = 6+6 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 (+ 20n) 116, 118, 120, sok 113, 117, 119, sok
51 70n Sb 121 57.36 0.0004 51 = 1+12 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 (+ 19n) 121, 123 117, 119, 122, sok
52 78n Te 130 34.08 0.009 52 = 5+5 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16 (+ 26n) 122, 124, 128, sok 115, 117, 119, sok
53 74n I 127 100 0.001 53 = 1+2 + 6 + 8 + 12+12+12 (+ 21n) 127 114, 118, 130, sok
54 78n Xe 132 26.9 0.01 54 = 6+6 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16 (+ 24n) 129, 131, 132, sok 125, 127, 129, sok
55 78n Cs 133 100 0.0008 55 = 1+12 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16 (+ 23n) 133 121, 122, 123, sok
56 82n Ba 138 71.7 0.01 56 = 7+7 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16 (+ 26n) 137,138m, sok 127, 129, 130, sok
57 82n La 139 99.91 57 = 1+8 + 6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16 (+ 25n) 138, 139 125, 127, 129, sok
58 82n Ce 140 88.48 58 = 5+5 + 6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16 (+ 24n) 136,138,140,142 135, 137, 139
59 82n Pr 141 100 59 = 1+4 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16 (+ 23n) 141 131, 142, 144
60 82n Nd 142 27.13 60 = 2+8 + 6 + 8 + 12+12+12 (+ 22n) 60 =2+8 + 6 + 8 + 12+12+12 (+ 22n) 142m, 144, 146, sok 135, 137, 139, 141
61 84n Pm 145 0 61 = 1+6 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16 (+ 23n) 0 139, 142, 148, 152
62 90n Sm 152 26.75 62 = 4+4 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16 (+ 28n) 147, 150, 154, sok 139, 141, 143, 145
63 90n Eu 153 52.2 63 = 1+8 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16 (+ 27n) 151, 153 140, 141, 150, sok
64 94n Gd 158 24.84 64 = 5+5 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16 (+ 30n) 156, 157, 158, sok 141, 145
65 94n Tb 159 100 65 = 1+10 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16 (+ 29n) 159 142, 144, 151, sok
66 98n Dy 164 28.18 66 = 2+6 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 (+ 32n) 162, 163, 164, sok 146, 147, 149, 165
67 98n Ho 165 100 67 = 1+12 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16 (+ 31n) 165 148, 154, 158, sok
68 98n Er 166 33.6 68 = 5+5 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 (+ 30n) 166, 167, 168, sok 151, 154, 161, 167
69 100n Tm 169 100 69 = 1+2 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 31n) 169 154, 160, 162, 164
70 104n Yb 174 31.8 70 = 6+6 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 (+ 34n) 172, 173, 174, sok 169, 176, 177 174
71 104n Lu 175 97.41 0.00000 71 = 3+10 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 (+ 33n) 175, 176 161, 166, 167, sok
72 108n Hf 180 35.1 0.0007 72 = 7+7 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 (+ 36n) 177, 178, 179, sok 154, 177, 178, sok
73 108n Ta 181 99.988 0.00008 73 = 1+6 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 35n) 180, 181 176, 182
74 110n W 184 30.64 0.0005 74 = 4+4 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 36n) 182,184m,186,sok 179, 183, 184, 185
75 112n Re 187 62.60 0.0002 75 = 1+10 + 6+6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 (+ 37n) 185, 187 184, 186, 188, 190
76 116n Os 192 41.0 0.003 76 = 5+5 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 40n) 189, 190, 192, sok 183, 189, 190, sok
77 116n Ir 193 62.7 0.002 77 = 1+10 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 39n) 191, 193 186, 190, 191, sok
78 117n Pt 195 32.9 0.005 78 = 1+11 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 39n) 194, 195, 196, sok 183, 185, 193, sok
79 118n Au 197 100 0.0006 79 = 1+12 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 39n) 197 184, 185, 187, sok
80 122n Hg 202 29.86 0.001 80 = 3+3 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16+16+16 (+ 42n) 199, 200, 202, sok 185, 193, 195, sok
81 124n Tl 205 70.476 0.0005 81 = 1+6 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16+16+16 (+ 43n) 203, 205 179, 183, 185, sok
82 126n Pb 208 52.4 0.01 82 = 2+6 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16+16+16 (+ 44n) 204,206,207,208 197, 199, 201, sok
83 126n Bi 209 100 0.0007 83 = 1+4 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 43n) 209 196, 197, 198, sok
84 125n Po 209 0 84 = 1+5 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 41n) 0 195, 197, 199, sok
85 125n At 210 0 85 = 3+4 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 40n) 0 200, 202, 204, 212
86 136n Rn 222 0 86 = 4+4 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 50n) 0 201, 203
87 136n Fr 223 0 87 = 1+8 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 49n) 0 204, 206, 218
88 138n Ra 226 0 88 = 3+3 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 50n) 0 207, 213
89 138 Ac 227 0 89 = 1+6 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 49n) 0 208, 222
90 142n Th 232 100 90 = 4+4 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 52n) 232
91 140n Pa 231 0 91 = 1+8 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 49n) 0 234
92 146n U 238 99.2742 92 = 5+5 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 54n) 238 235
93 144n Np 237 93 = 1+10 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 51n) 0
94 150n Pu 244 94 = 2+10 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 56n) 0 237
95 148n Am 243 0 95 = 1+13 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 53n) 0 242, 246
96 151n Cm 247 96 = 1+5 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12+12 + 16 + 24 (+ 55n) 0 242
97 150n Bk 247 0 97 = 1+8 + 6+6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 53n) 0
98 153n Cf 251 0 98 = 1+7 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12+12 + 16 + 24 (+ 55n) 0
99 153n Es 252 0 99 = 2+3 + 6+6+6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 54n) 0 254
100 157n Fm 257 0 100 = 3+7 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12+12 + 16 + 24 (+ 57n) 0 250
101 157n Md 258 0 101 = 2+5 + 6+6+6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 56n) 0
102 157n No 259 0 102 = 1+7 + 6+6+6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 55n) 0 254
103 162n Lr 265 0 103 = 1+8 + 6+6+6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 59n) 0
104 163n Rf 267 0 104 = 1+9 + 6+6+6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 59n) 0
105 165n Db 270 0 105 = 2+9 + 6+6+6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 60n) 0
106 163n Sg 269 0 106 = 3+9 + 6+6+6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 57n) 0 263
107 163n Bh 274 0 107 = 2+11 + 6+6+6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 56n) 0
108 161n Hs 269 0 108 = 1+13 + 6+6+6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24 (+ 53n) 0
109 169n Mt 278 0 109 = 3+4 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12+12+12 + 16 + 24 (+ 60n) 0
110 171n Ds 281 0 110 = 1+7 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12+12+12 + 16 + 24 (+ 61n) 0
111 171n Rg 282 0 111 = 4+5 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12+12+12 + 16 + 24 (+ 60n) 0
112 173n Cn 285 0 112 = 1+9 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12+12+12 + 16 + 24 (+ 61n) 0
113 173n Nh 286 0 113 = 2+9 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12+12+12 + 16 + 24 (+ 60n) 0
114 182n Fl 296 0 114 = 2+10 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12+12+12 + 16 + 24 (+ 68n) 294
115 184n Mc 299 0 115 = 3+10 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12+12+12 + 16 + 24 (+ 69n) 0
116 184n Lv 300 0 116 = 2+12 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12+12+12 + 16 + 24 (+ 68n) 0
117 Ts 302 0 0
118 178n Og 296 0 118 = 2+6 + 6+6+6 + 8+8 + 12+12+12 + 16 + 24 (+ 60n) 0

In atomic nuclei, protons (proton toruses) situated inside a (nuclear) electron torus. The nuclear electrons acts as a glue inside atomic nuclei, an electron holds together of proton pairs. As all proton in the nucleus covered more or less with electrons so the outer surface of nucleus are negatively charged. This negative charge prevents shell-electrons to falling down into the nucleus. Without this prevention it would have not develops atoms.

The nucleus of elements is flat, reminiscent of a disc (nuclei smaller than oxygen have rodlike structure). The shell system of atomic nuclei are builds up by particle rings of deuterium, tritium, Li6, Li7 nuclei and alpha-particles. Magnetic force emerged between alpha particles of ring members positioned in energy valleys. Magic numbers has not much significance.

There are no gluons nor quarks in atomic nuclei, they not exists. Neutrons always means a particle pair, namely a proton torus inside in an electron torus in any circumstances.

Stable isotopes, Isotopes, Isotopes, Elements, Interactive, Elements, Periodic Table
Nuclear model by pillow balls, Circlon, J.Lucas, Nuclear model
Models, Nuclear properties, The Structure of Nuclei: the core of matter.
Photon and matter torus model

Nuclear symmetry
Problems about relativity

Vita 1, Vita 2, Vita 3, Vita 4, Alias rigó fórum: OF OF2 OF3 és Tudomány cikkek archiv SG Szkept Hypog Csivar

rohan.janos@med.u-szeged.hu

Index Fórum 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005

Structure and symmetry of atomic nuclei of all elements and isotopes. Neutron as an individual particle not exist in nature, nor quarks and gluons not exist also. Nuclei are built up by protons only and glued by nuclear electrons. No strong nuclear force but only a strong electric force in consequence of close proximity of protons inside nuclear electrons. Both has `torus` structure.