Magyar verzió   Structure of atomic nuclei

János Rohán

Nuclear structure of atoms and relation with spin.

There are no neutrons inside atomic nuclei. The so-called neutron in each case of a proton and one nuclear electron pair.

A nucleus are built up by proton-electron-proton hamburgers arranged in pairs (= alpha particles) with 2, 6, 8, 12, 16 and 24 symmetry.

Extra "neutrons" joins to elements of pre-arranged rings, forming double "BigMac" hamburgers

Protons incorporated into nucleus (proton toruses) be located inside an electron torus which has cca. 3 times higher diameter. Electrons inside nuclei glued the proton excess, the nuclear electrons holds together of proton pairs. Since all protons has more or less (nuclear)electron coating so the outer surface of nuclei are negatively charged. This outer negative charge prevent to fall of shell electrons into nucleus and nuclei without this outer negative charge would not be able to form stable atoms.

Meaning of colors:   1  ,   1  ,   1  ,   1  ,   1  ,   1  
Atomic
numb.
Neutron
number
Chem.
symbol
m % isotope Occurr.
ppm
pep hamburger + (neutron surplus) Stable
nuclei
Izomer
nuclei
Refs
  1   0n H199.985750 0001 = p   1 ,  2  n, p
  2   2n He499.99986240 000 2 = 2   3 ,  4 
  3   4n Li792.40.0063 = 1+2   (+ 1n)   6 ,  7 
  4   5n Be91000.0014 = 1+3   (+ 1n)   9 , 10 
  5   6n B1180.10.0015 = 1+4   (+ 1n) 10 , 11 
  6   6n C1298.946006 = 3+3 12 , 13 
  7   7n N1499.6349707 = 4+3 14 , 15  14, 15
  8   8n O1699.762107008 = 4+4 16 , 17 , 18 
  910n F191000.49 = 1+8   (+ 1n)19 19, 20
1010n Ne2090.48134010 = 5+5   (+ 0n)20,  21 , 22  19, 20, 21
1112n Na231002211 = 1+4 + 6   (+ 1n)2324
1212n Mg2478.9958012 = 3+3 + 6 24, 25, 26
1314n Al271005513 = 1+6 + 6   (+ 1n)2724Al42
1414n Si2892.2365014 = 4+4 + 628, 29, 30
1516n P31100715 = 1+8 + 6   (+ 1n)31
1616n S3295.02440 16 = 5+5 + 6   (+ 0n)32, 34, 33, 3643S43
1718n Cl3575.77117 = 1+10 + 6   (+ 1n)35, 3734, 35, 38
1822n Ar4099.622018 = 4+8 + 6   (+ 4n) 36, 38, 4038
1920n K3993.26319 = 1+12 + 6   (+ 1n)39, 4139, 40, 41
2020n Ca4096.9416720 = 4+4 + 6x240, 42, 43, 4440, 42
2124n Sc451000.0321 = 3+12 + 6   (+ 3n)4543, 44, 45, 46, 50
2226n Ti4873.8322 = 4+12 + 6   (+ 4n)46, 47, 48, 49, 5043, 47
2328n V5199.750.723 = 5+12 + 6   (+ 5n)50, 5146
2428n Cr5283.7891424 = 4+14 + 6   (+ 4n)50, 52, 53, 5449
2530n Mn55100825 = 5+6 + 6 + 8   (+ 5n)5552, 58, 60
2630n Fe5691.721090 26 = 4+8 + 6 + 8   (+ 4n) 54, 56, 57, 5853, 56
2732n Co59100327 = 5+8 + 6 + 8   (+ 5n)5958, 60, 62
2830n Ni5868.0776028 = 2+12 + 6 + 8   (+ 2n) 58, 60, 61, 62, 6465
2934n Cu6369.170.0629 = 5+10 + 6 + 8   (+ 5n)63, 6568, 70
3034n Zn6448.630.330 = 4+8 + 6+6+6   (+ 4n)64, 66, 67, 68, 7061, 69, 71, 73, 77
3138n Ga6960.10.0131 = 1+4 + 6 + 8 + 12   (+ 7n)69, 7172, 74
3242n Ge7435.940.232 = 2+10 + 6+6 + 8   (+ 10n)70, 72, 73, 74,7669, 73, 75, 77, 79
3342n As751000.00833 = 1+6 + 6 + 8 + 12   (+ 9n)7579
3446n Se8049.610.0334 = 4+4 + 6 + 8 + 12   (+ 12n)74, 76, 77, 78, 8073, 77, 79, 81
3544n Br7950.690.00735 = 1+8 + 6 + 8 + 12   (+ 9n)79, 8176, 77, 79, 80, 82
3648n Kr8457.000.0436 = 5+5 + 6 + 8 + 12   (+ 12n)80, 82, 83, 84, 8673, 79, 81, 83, 85
3748n Rb8572.1680.0137 = 3+8 + 6 + 8 + 12   (+ 11n)85, 8778,81,82,84,85,86
3850n Sr8882.580.0438 = 6+6 + 6 + 8 + 12   (+ 12n)84, 86, 87, 8883, 85, 87
3950n Y891000.00739 = 3+10 + 6 + 8 + 12   (+ 11n)8980, 83, 85, sok
4050n Zr9051.450.0540 = 2+12 + 6 + 8 + 12   (+ 10n)90, 91, 92, 94, 9685, 87, 89, 90, 91
4152n Nb931000.00241 = 3+12 + 6 + 8 + 12   (+ 11n)9390, 91, 93, sok
4256n Mo9824.130.00542 = 6+6 + 6 + 8+8+8   (+ 14n)92, 94, 95, 97, sok89, 91, 93
4355n Tc98043 = 2+3 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12   (+ 12n)086, 91, 93, sok
4458n Ru10231.60.00444 = 3+3 + 6 + 8 + 12x2   (+ 14n)100, 101, 104, sok91, 93, 103
4558n Rh1031000.000645 = 1+12 + 6+6 + 8 + 12   (+ 13n)10395, 96, 97, sok
4660n Pd10627.330.00246 = 4+4 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12   (+ 14n)104, 105, 106, sok93, 95, 107, sok
4760n Ag10751.8390.000647 = 1+8 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12   (+ 13n)107m, 10999, 100, 101, sok
4866n Cd11428.730.00248 = 5+5 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12   (+ 18n)111, 112, 113, sok111, 113, 123
4966n In11595.70.000349 = 1+6 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16   (+ 17n)113, 115103, 104, 105, sok
5070n Sn12032.580.00450 = 6+6 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12   (+ 20n)116, 118, 120, sok113, 117, 119, sok
5170n Sb12157.360.000451 = 1+12 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12   (+ 19n)121, 123117, 119, 122, sok
5278n Te13034.080.00952 = 5+5 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16   (+ 26n)122, 124, 128, sok115, 117, 119, sok
5374n   I1271000.00153 = 1+2 + 6 + 8 + 12+12+12   (+ 21n)127114, 118, 130, sok
5478n Xe13226.90.0154 = 6+6 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16   (+ 24n)129, 131, 132, sok125, 127, 129, sok
5578n Cs1331000.000855 = 1+12 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16   (+ 23n)133121, 122, 123, sok
5682n Ba13871.70.0156 = 7+7 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16   (+ 26n)137,138m, sok127, 129, 130, sok
5782n La13999.9157 = 1+8 + 6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16   (+ 25n)138, 139125, 127, 129, sok
5882n Ce14088.4858 = 5+5 + 6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16   (+ 24n)136,138,140,142135, 137, 139
5982n Pr14110059 = 1+4 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16   (+ 23n)141131, 142, 144
6082n Nd14227.1360 = 2+8 + 6 + 8 + 12+12+12   (+ 22n)
60 =
2+8 + 6 + 8 + 12+12+12   (+ 22n)
142m, 144, 146, sok135, 137, 139, 141
6184n Pm145061 = 1+6 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16   (+ 23n)0139, 142, 148, 152
6290n Sm15226.7562 = 4+4 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16   (+ 28n)147, 150, 154, sok139, 141, 143, 145
6390n Eu15352.263 = 1+8 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16   (+ 27n)151, 153140, 141, 150, sok
6494n Gd15824.8464 = 5+5 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16   (+ 30n)156, 157, 158, sok141, 145
6594n Tb15910065 = 1+10 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16   (+ 29n)159142, 144, 151, sok
6698n Dy16428.1866 = 2+6 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16   (+ 32n)162, 163, 164, sok146, 147, 149, 165
6798n Ho16510067 = 1+12 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16   (+ 31n)165148, 154, 158, sok
6898n Er16633.668 = 5+5 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16   (+ 30n)166, 167, 168, sok151, 154, 161, 167
69100n Tm16910069 = 1+2 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 31n)169154, 160, 162, 164
70104n Yb17431.870 = 6+6 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16   (+ 34n)172, 173, 174, sok169, 176, 177174
71104n Lu17597.410.0000071 = 3+10 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16   (+ 33n)175, 176161, 166, 167, sok
72108n Hf18035.10.000772 = 7+7 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16   (+ 36n)177, 178, 179, sok154, 177, 178, sok
73108n Ta18199.9880.0000873 = 1+6 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 35n)180, 181176, 182
74110n W18430.640.000574 = 4+4 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 36n)182,184m,186,sok179, 183, 184, 185
75112n Re18762.600.000275 = 1+10 + 6+6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16   (+ 37n)185, 187184, 186, 188, 190
76116n Os19241.00.00376 = 5+5 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 40n)189, 190, 192, sok183, 189, 190, sok
77116n   Ir19362.70.00277 = 1+10 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 39n)191, 193186, 190, 191, sok
78117n Pt19532.90.00578 = 1+11 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 39n)194, 195, 196, sok183, 185, 193, sok
79118n Au1971000.000679 = 1+12 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 39n)197184, 185, 187, sok
80122n Hg20229.860.00180 = 3+3 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16+16+16   (+ 42n)199, 200, 202, sok185, 193, 195, sok
81124n Tl20570.4760.000581 = 1+6 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16+16+16   (+ 43n)203, 205179, 183, 185, sok
82126n Pb20852.40.01 82 = 2+6 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 16+16+16   (+ 44n)204,206,207,208 197, 199, 201, sok
83126n Bi2091000.000783 = 1+4 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 43n)209196, 197, 198, sok
84125n Po209084 = 1+5 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 41n)0195, 197, 199, sok
85125n At210085 = 3+4 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 40n)0200, 202, 204, 212
86136n Rn222086 = 4+4 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 50n)0201, 203
87136n Fr223087 = 1+8 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 49n)0204, 206, 218
88138n Ra226088 = 3+3 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 50n)0207, 213
89138 Ac227089 = 1+6 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 49n)0208, 222
90142n Th23210090 = 4+4 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 52n)232
91140n Pa231091 = 1+8 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 49n)0234
92146n U23899.274292 = 5+5 +   6 + 8+8+8 +   12 + 16 + 24   (+ 54n)238235
93144n Np23793 = 1+10 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 51n)0
94150n Pu24494 = 2+10 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 56n)0237
95148n Am243095 = 1+13 + 6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 53n)0242, 246
96151n Cm24796 = 1+5 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12+12 + 16 + 24   (+ 55n)0242
97150n Bk247097 = 1+8 + 6+6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 53n)0
98153n Cf251098 = 1+7 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12+12 + 16 + 24   (+ 55n)0
99153n Es252099 = 2+3 + 6+6+6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 54n)0254
100157n Fm2570100 = 3+7 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12+12 + 16 + 24   (+ 57n)0250
101157n Md2580101 = 2+5 + 6+6+6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 56n)0
102157n No2590102 = 1+7 + 6+6+6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 55n)0254
103162n Lr2650103 = 1+8 + 6+6+6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 59n)0
104163n Rf2670104 = 1+9 + 6+6+6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 59n)0
105165nDb2700105 = 2+9 + 6+6+6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 60n)0
106163nSg2690106 = 3+9 + 6+6+6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 57n)0263
107163nBh2740107 = 2+11 + 6+6+6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 56n)0
108161nHs2690108 = 1+13 + 6+6+6 + 8+8+8 + 12 + 16 + 24   (+ 53n)0
109169nMt2780109 = 3+4 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12+12+12 + 16 + 24 (+ 60n)0
110171nDs2810110 = 1+7 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12+12+12 + 16 + 24 (+ 61n)0
111171nRg2820111 = 4+5 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12+12+12 + 16 + 24 (+ 60n)0
112173nCn2850112 = 1+9 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12+12+12 + 16 + 24   (+ 61n)0
113173nNh2860113 = 2+9 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12+12+12 + 16 + 24   (+ 60n)0
114182nFl2960114 = 2+10 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12+12+12 + 16 + 24 (+ 68n)294
115184nMc2990115 = 3+10 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12+12+12 + 16 + 24 (+ 69n)0
116184nLv3000116 = 2+12 + 6+6+6 + 8 + 12+12+12 + 16 + 24 (+ 68n)0
117Ts30200
118178nOg2960118 = 2+6 + 6+6+6 + 8+8 + 12+12+12 + 16 + 24 (+ 60n)0

In atomic nuclei, protons (proton toruses) situated inside a (nuclear) electron torus. The nuclear electrons acts as a glue inside atomic nuclei, an electron holds together of proton pairs. As all proton in the nucleus covered more or less with electrons so the outer surface of nucleus are negatively charged. This negative charge prevents shell-electrons to falling down into the nucleus. Without this prevention it would have not develops atoms.

The nucleus of elements is flat, reminiscent of a disc (nuclei smaller than oxygen have rodlike structure). The shell system of atomic nuclei are builds up by particle rings of deuterium, tritium, Li6, Li7 nuclei and alpha-particles. Magnetic force emerged between alpha particles of ring members positioned in energy valleys. Magic numbers has not much significance.

There are no gluons nor quarks in atomic nuclei, they not exists. Neutrons always means a particle pair, namely a proton torus inside in an electron torus in any circumstances.


Stable isotopes,       Isotopes,       Isotopes,       Elements,       Interactive,       Elements,       Periodic Table
Nuclear model by pillow balls,       Circlon,       J.Lucas, Nuclear model
Models,       Nuclear properties,       The Structure of Nuclei: the core of matter.
Photon and matter torus model
     

Nuclear symmetry

Problems about relativity

 

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Structure and symmetry of atomic nuclei of all elements and isotopes. Neutron as an individual particle not exist in nature, nor quarks and gluons not exist also. Nuclei are built up by protons only and glued by nuclear electrons.  No strong nuclear force but only a strong electric force in consequence of close proximity of protons inside nuclear electrons. Both has torus structure.